对考研er们来说,英语是个无法躲避的门槛[…来自湖北产教交融…(对考研的人说什么)

??留心思项：1．本试卷共 6 道大题（算计 61 个小题），满分100 分；?

2．本卷属试题卷，答题还有答题卷，答案一概写在答题卷上，写在该试题卷上或草纸上均无效。要留心试卷清洗，不要在试卷上涂划；?

3．有必要用蓝、黑钢笔或签字笔答题，其它均无效。

i. there are 15 sentences in this part. beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked a, b, c and d. choose the right one. (30points)?

1.?when you make the sacrifice in marriage, the psychologists say, you’re sacrificing not to each other but to???in a relationship.

a. unity????b. utility???c. fraternity ?d. reality

2.?the constant changes in fashion,????with a view to higher sales, made greater?demands on women as a class.

a. predictedb. dictated ?c. stated???d. related

3.?it is easy to see why many little girls prefer to???with the male role, but the girl?who does find the male role more attractive is faced with a dilemma.

a. beautifyb. modify ??c. identify???d. justify

4.?if we can???any kind of killing in the name of religion, the door is opened for all?kinds of other justifications.

a. purify????b. satisfy???c. justify???d. verify

5.?i could easily perceive that his heart burnt to relieve his starving kids, but he seemed ashamed to???his inability to me.

a. discoverb. recover ?c.?demonstrate ?d. impress

6.?it is a dangerous thing nowadays if you do not???others at arm’s length, for they?may hit you below the belt any time.

a. bake????b. keep??c. take????????d. make

7.i will never???the experiences of the four years at howard university, though there?were unhappy encounters.

a. dischargeb. recharge ??c. discardd. dispose

8.?we should not???the west, nor should we praise it to the skies and think great?of everything that belongs to the west.

a. forgiveb. forsake ??c. forlorn???d. forage

9. bill gates is one of those who are said to be??，able to rack huge profits at ev turn.

a. on the ship ??b. on the plane ??c. on the gravy train???

d. on the rocks

10.?he aimed at finding some workable???with a man who was a celebrity not?in the inward-reflecting world of oxford but in the larger world outside.

a. neighborhood ??b. workmanship???c. relationship ??d. craftsmanship

11.for me and my other classmates, trying to fathom what happened to our old school friend, 178 we may never know if we really would grow up?with a future terrorist.

?a. grow up????b. are growing up ?c. grew up d. shall grow up

12. when i was an editor，i always preferred to apologize?promptly, what the merits of the case, rather than face the expense and, importantly, the time consuming complexities and debilitating worry of litigation, libel being one of the least satisfactory?branches of the law ?

a. whichever, more importantlyb. whatever, more important

c. whichever, more important????d. whatever, more importantly

13. one morning my patience was growing thin during?mark talked once too often, and then i made a novice-teacher’s mistake.

a. whenb. asc. while?d. whenever

14. one of the key features of cbi is the use of authentic “input” 一 in other words, real reading but?listening material: magazine and newspaper articles, poems, short stories, brochures, excerpts from textbooks written for native speakers of english, radio interviews, lectures, and advertisements.

a. and??b. orc. and/or?d. nil

15.?in each person’s life there are three stages. when one was young, people said, “he will do something.” as he grew older and did nothing, they said, “he could do something if he found himself.” when he was white-haired, people said of him, “he might do something tf he could try anything.”

a.he should have done something if he has tried something

b.he would have done something if he should have tried anything

c.he might do something if he would try something.

d.he might have done something if he had tried anything

?

ii.?comprehension

passage 1

begging by nestlings

many signals that animals make seem to impose on the signalers costs that are overly damaging. a classic example is noisy begging by nestling songbirds when a parent returns to the nest with food. these loud cheeps and peeps might give the location of the nest away to a listening hawk or raccoon, resulting in the death of the defenseless nestlings. in fact, when tapes of begging tree swallows were played at an artificial swallow nest containing an egg, the egg in that “noisy” nest was taken or destroyed by predators before the egg in a nearby quiet nest in 29 of 37 trials.

?

further evidence for the costs of begging comes from a study of differences in the begging calls of warbler species that nest on the ground versus those that nest in the relative safety of trees. the young of ground-nesting warblers produce begging cheeps of higher frequencies than do their tree-nesting relatives. these higher-frequency sounds do not travel as far, and so may better conceal the individuals producing them, who are especially vulnerable to predators in their ground nests. david haskell created artificial nests with clay eggs and placed them on the ground beside a tape recorder that played the begging calls of either tree-nesting or of ground-nesting warblers. the eggs “advertised” by the tree-nesters’ begging calls were found bitten significantly more often than the eggs associated with the ground-nesters’ calls.

?

the hypothesis that begging calls have evolved properties that reduce their potential for attracting predators yields a prediction: baby birds of species that experience high rates of nest predation should produce softer begging signals of higher frequency than nestlings of other species less often victimized by nest predators. this prediction was supported by data collected in one survey of 24 species from an arizona forest, more evidence that predator pressure favors the evolution of begging calls that are hard to detect and pinpoint.

?

given that predators can make it costly to beg for food, what benefit do begging nestlings derive from their communications? one possibility is that a noisy baby bird provides accurate signals of its real hunger and good health, making it worthwhile for the listening parent to give it food in a nest where several other offspring are usually available to be fed. if this hypothesis is true, then it follows that nestlings should adjust the intensity of their signals in relation to the signals produced by their nestmates, who are competing for parental attention. when experimentally deprived baby robins are placed in a nest with normally fed siblings, the hungry nestlings beg more loudly than usual—but so do their better-fed siblings, though not as loudly as the hungrier birds.

?

if parent birds use begging intensity to direct food to healthy offspring capable of vigorous begging, then parents should make food delivery decisions on the basis of their offsprings’ calls. indeed, if you take baby tree swallows out of a nest for an hour feeding half the set and starving the other half, when the birds are replaced in the nest, the starved youngsters beg more loudly than the fed birds, and the parent birds feed the active beggars more than those who beg less vigorously.

?

as these experiments show, begging apparently provides a signal of need that parents use to make judgments about which offspring can benefit most from a feeding. but the question arises, why don’t nestlings beg loudly when they aren’t all that hungry? by doing so, they could possibly secure more food, which should result in more rapid growth or larger size, either of which is advantageous. the answer lies apparently not in the increased energy costs of exaggerated begging—such energy costs are small relative to the potential gain in calories—but rather in the damage that any successful cheater would do to its siblings, which share genes with one another. an individual’s success in propagating his or her genes can be affected by more than just his or her own personal reproductive success. because close relatives have many of the same genes, animals that harm their close relatives may in effect be destroying some of their own genes. therefore, a begging nestling that secures food at the expense of its siblings might actually leave behind fewer copies of its genes overall than it might otherwise.

?

1. the phrase “impose on” in the paragraph?1?is closest in meaning to

○ increase for

○ remove from

○ place on

○ distribute to

?

2. according to paragraph 1, the experiment with tapes of begging tree swallows establishes which of the following?

○ begging by nestling birds can attract the attention of predators to the nest.

○ nest predators attack nests that contain nestlings more frequently than they attack nests that contain only eggs.

○ tapes of begging nestlings attract predators to the nest less frequently than real begging calls do.

○ nest predators have no other means of locating bird nests except the begging calls of nestling birds.

?

3. the word “artificial” in the paragraph 2is closest in meaning to

○ attractive

○ not real

○ short-term

○ well designed

?

4. paragraph 2 indicates that the begging calls of tree nesting warblers

○ put them at more risk than ground-nesting warblers experience

○ can be heard from a greater distance than those of ground-nesting warblers

○ are more likely to conceal the signaler than those of ground-nesting warblers

○ have higher frequencies than those of ground-nesting warblers

?

5. the experiment described in paragraph 2 supports which of the following conclusions?

○ predators are unable to distinguish between the begging cheeps of ground-nesting and those of tree-nesting warblers except by the differing frequencies of the calls.

○ when they can find them, predators prefer the eggs of tree-nesting warblers to those of ground-nesting warblers.

○ the higher frequencies of the begging cheeps of ground-nesting warblers are an adaptation to the threat that ground-nesting birds face from predators.

○ the danger of begging depends more on the frequency of the begging cheep than on how loud it is.

?

6. the word “prediction” in the paragraph?3?is closest in meaning to

○ surprise

○ discovery

○ explanation

○ expectation

?

7. the word “pinpoint” in the paragraph?3?is closest in meaning to

○ observe

○ locate exactly

○ copy accurately

○ recognize

?

passage?2

which hand did they use?

we all know that many more people today are right-handed than left-handed. can one trace this same pattern far back in prehistory? much of the evidence about right-hand versus left-hand dominance comes from stencils and prints found in rock shelters in australia and elsewhere, and in many ice age caves in france, spain, and tasmania. when a left hand has been stenciled, this implies that the artist was right-handed, and vice versa. even though the paint was often sprayed on by mouth, one can assume that the dominant hand assisted in the operation. one also has to make the assumption that hands were stenciled palm downward—a left hand stenciled palm upward might of course look as if it were a right hand. of 158 stencils in the french cave of gargas, 136 have been identified as left, and only 22 as right; right-handedness was therefore heavily predominant.

?

cave art furnishes other types of evidence of this phenomenon. most engravings, for example, are best lit from the left, as befits the work of right-handed artists, who generally prefer to have the light source on the left so that the shadow of their hand does not fall on the tip of the engraving tool or brush. in the few cases where an ice age figure is depicted holding something, it is mostly, though not always, in the right hand.

?

clues to right-handedness can also be found by other methods. right-handers tend to have longer, stronger, and more muscular bones on the right side, and marcellin boule as long ago as 1911 noted the la chapelle-aux-saints neanderthal skeleton had a right upper arm bone that was noticeably stronger than the left. similar observations have been made on other neanderthal skeletons such as la ferrassie i and neanderthal itself.

?

fractures and other cut marks are another source of evidence. right-handed soldiers tend to be wounded on the left. the skeleton of a 40- or 50-year-old nabatean warrior, buried 2,000 years ago in the negev desert, israel, had multiple healed fractures to the skull, the left arm, and the ribs.

?

tools themselves can be revealing. long-handed neolithic spoons of yew wood preserved in alpine villages dating to 3000 b.c. have survived; the signs of rubbing on their left side indicate that their users were right-handed. the late ice age rope found in the french cave of lascaux consists of fibers spiraling to the right, and was therefore tressed by a righthander.

?

occasionally one can determine whether stone tools were used in the right hand or the left, and it is even possible to assess how far back this feature can be traced. in stone toolmaking experiments, nick toth, a right-hander, held the core (the stone that would become the tool) in his left hand and the hammer stone in his right. as the tool was made, the core was rotated clockwise, and the flakes, removed in sequence, had a little crescent of cortex (the core’s outer surface) on the side. toth’s knapping produced 56 percent flakes with the cortex on the right, and 44 percent left-oriented flakes. a left-handed toolmaker would produce the opposite pattern. toth has applied these criteria to the similarly made pebble tools from a number of early sites (before 1.5 million years) at koobi fora, kenya, probably made by homo habilis. at seven sites he found that 57 percent of the flakes were right-oriented, and 43 percent left, a ??pattern almost identical to that produced today.

?

about 90 percent of modern humans are right-handed: we are the only mammal with a preferential use of one hand. the part of the brain responsible for fine control and movement is located in the left cerebral hemisphere, and the findings above suggest that the human brain was already asymmetrical in its structure and function not long after 2 million years ago. among neanderthalers of 70,000–35,000 years ago, marcellin boule noted that the la chapelle-aux-saints individual had a left hemisphere slightly bigger than the right, and the same was found for brains of specimens from neanderthal, gibraltar, and la quina.

?

1. the phrase “assisted in” in the paragraph?1?is closest in meaning to?（3）

○ initiated

○ dominated

○ helped with

○ setup

?

2. it can be inferred from paragraph 1 that even when paint was sprayed by mouth to make a hand stencil?

（2）

○ there was no way to tell which hand was stenciled

○ the stenciled hand was the weaker hand

○ the stenciled hand was the dominant hand

○ artists stenciled more images of the dominant hand than they did of the weak

?

3. the phrase “depicted” in the paragraph?2?is closest in meaning to?（3）

○ identified

○ revealed

○ pictured

○ imagined

?

4. which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence?in the passage? incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.(3)

○ right-handed artists could more easily have avoided casting shadows on their work, because engravings in prehistoric caves were lit from the left.

○ the tips of engraving tools and brushes indicate that these instruments were used by right-handed artists whose work was lit from the left.

○ the best lighting for most engravings suggests that they were made by right-handed people trying to avoid the shadow of their hands interfering with their work.

○ right-handed artists try to avoid having the brush they are using interfere with the light source.

?

5．all of the following are mentioned in paragraphs 1 and 2 as evidence of right-handedness in art and artists except?(2)

○ the ideal source of lighting for most engravings

○ the fact that a left hand stenciled palm upward might look like a right hand

○ the prevalence of outlines of left hands

○ figures in prehistoric art holding objects with the right hand

?

6. according to paragraph 3, the la chapelle-aux-saints neanderthal skeleton can be identified as right-handed because??(2)

○ other neanderthal skeletons found nearby are also right-handed

○ the right arm bone is stronger than the left

○ it is similar to skeletons of la ferrassie i and neanderthal

○ the right side of the skeleton shows less evidence of fractures

?

7. which of the following statements about fractures and cut marks can be inferred from paragraph 4?（3）

○ fractures and cut marks caused by right-handed soldiers tend to occur on the right side of the injured party’s body.

○ the right arm sustains more injuries because, as the dominant arm, it is used more actively.

○ in most people, the left side of the body is more vulnerable to injury since it is not defended effectively by the dominant arm.

○ fractures and cut marks on fossil humans probably occurred after death.

?

ⅲ. writing (30 points)?

corporate executives, undoubtedly, play a crucial part in a company’s management and operation. some people argue that the only responsibility of corporate executives, provided they stay within the law, is to make as much money as possible for their companies. do you agree to their opinion? write an essay of about 400 words. you should supply an appropriate title for your essay.

?????