#nature康复考研专业课打卡#2022Day212#…来自南烛考研-微博

??今天来看看刻板印象是如何影响我们所使用的语言系统的~

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原题：how stereotypes shape the language people use

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?from the first instant our eyes alight on a television or phone screen, we are inundated with a curated set of images that (supposedly) depict the world around us. these images often show people of color through a stereotypical lens, and these stereotypes bleed into our everyday lives—our workplaces, our social lives, our politics. as a social psychologist at yale university, i am figuring out exactly how stereotypes hold us back, and what we can do about it.

从我们第一眼看到电视或电话屏幕的那一刻起，我们就被一组精心策划好的图像淹没了，这些图像（据说）描绘了我们周围的世界。这些图像经常通过刻板的镜头来展现有色人种，而这些刻板印象渗透到我们的日常生活中——我们的工作场所、我们的社会生活、我们的政治。作为耶鲁大学的一名社会心理学家，我正在研究刻板印象是如何阻碍我们前进的，以及我们能做些什么。

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?when i was a young black girl growing up in prince george’s county, maryland, i loved the movies. each year, my brothers and i would gleefully wait in line to get the best seat in the theater for the latest lord of the rings, harry potter, or superhero film.

当我还是一个在马里兰州乔治王子县长大的黑人小女孩时，我很喜欢看电影。每年，我和我的兄弟们都会兴高采烈地排队等候，以便在电影院获得最新《指环王》、《哈利?波特》或超级英雄电影的最佳座位。

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?even then, i was struck by the characters i saw. few looked like me or my family. those that did were one-dimensional, with limited speaking roles, often playing supporting roles to white characters. they were disproportionately poor and often criminal. they were rarely desired, easily disposed of, and never granted the nuanced and flawed inner worlds granted to white characters.

即使在那时，我也被我所看到的角色所震撼。很少有人长得像我或我的家人。那像长得像我或我家人的角色都是肤浅的、台词很少，经常扮演白人角色的配角。他们大部分都很穷，而且经常犯罪。他们很少被人期望，很容易被处理掉，也从来没有像白人角色那样拥有微妙而有缺陷的内心世界。

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?these stereotypes puzzled me. prince george’s county, maryland, is a majority-black county—home to doctors, lawyers, politicians, and other black professionals. the black characters i saw on television didn’t reflect the rich, diverse, and joyful lives i saw around me. why does the media put people of color into boxes? how do these stereotypes harm us as individuals and a society?

这些刻板印象使我困惑。马里兰州乔治王子县是黑人占多数的县——医生、律师、政客和其他黑人专业人士都聚集在这里。我在电视上看到的黑人角色并没有反映出我周围丰富、多样和快乐的生活。为什么媒体要把有色人种进行归类？这些刻板印象是如何伤害我们个人和社会的？

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?i became a social psychologist to answer these questions. twenty years later,

i now study stereotypes, determining how they maintain inequality and worm their way into day-to-day interactions. across dozens of studies featuring thousands of participants, i find that stereotypes influence how we relate to others, leaking into conversations through the very words that people use.

为了回答这些问题，我成为了一名社会心理学家。二十年后，我现在研究刻板印象，研究它们如何维持不平等，如何渗透到日常互动中。在数十项针对数千名参与者的研究中，我发现刻板印象会影响我们与他人的关系，通过人们使用的词汇渗透到对话中。

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?in one test, i focused on white americans. white people are subject to stereotypes, too. they’re labeled as more competent than black people and latina/os, and white people think that other racial groups see them as racist and entitled. i predicted that white americans, particularly those who want to connect across racial divides—white liberals—try to reverse these stereotypes through the very words that they use.

在一项测试中，我把重点放在了美国白人身上。白人也会受到刻板印象的影响。他们被贴上了比黑人和拉丁裔美国人更有能力的标签，而白人则认为其他种族群体认为他们是种族主义者，并且有资格这么做。我预测，美国白人，尤其是那些希望跨越种族鸿沟建立联系的人——白人自由主义者——试图通过他们使用的词汇来扭转这些刻板印象。

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?i asked over two thousand white americans to introduce themselves to a black or white person online. as predicted, white liberals used fewer words related to competence (like “competitive” or “powerful”) when speaking to a black person.

我让2000多名美国白人在网上向黑人和白人做自我介绍。正如所预测的那样，白人自由主义者在与黑人交谈时，较少使用与能力相关的词汇（如“竞争”或“强大”）。

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?this “competence downshift” isn’t limited to a lab. i analyzed over 20 years of campaign speeches by white democratic and republican presidential candidates and found that white democrats used fewer words related to competence when addressing mostly-minority audiences (e.g., naacp ) versus mostly-white ones (e.g., american federation of teachers). white republicans didn’t downshift competence, likely because they’re less interested in getting along with people of color. sure enough, white democrats were more likely to address audiences of color than republicans.

这种“减少提及能力”并不局限于实验室。我分析了20多年来白人民主党和共和党总统候选人的竞选演讲，发现白人民主党人在向主要是少数族裔的听众（如全国有色人种协进会）发表演讲时，比向主要是白人的听众（如美国教师联合会）发表演讲时，使用的与能力相关的词汇更少。白人共和党人并没有减少提及能力，可能是因为他们对与有色人种相处不太感兴趣。果然，白人民主党人比共和党人更有可能向有色人种听众发表演讲。

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?for white liberals, this behavior may backfire. my colleagues and i are now testing whether white liberals who use less competent language are seen as patronizing by black observers. if so, they may reduce, rather than improve, their chances of cross-racial connection by downshifting competence.

对于白人自由主义者来说，这种行为可能会适得其反。我和我的同事现在正在测试，较少使用与能力相关的语言的白人自由主义者，是否会被黑人观察人士视为高人一等。如果是这样，他们可能会通过减少提及能力来降低而非提高他们跨种族联系的机会。

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?these data suggest that people have a profound desire to reverse negative stereotypes, and this desire shows up in everyday conversation. stereotypes force us into rigid boxes, and we try to break free of them using the most primary tool available to us: our words.

这些数据表明，人们有一种强烈的愿望来扭转负面的刻板印象，这种愿望在日常对话中表现出来。刻板印象迫使我们进入僵化的分类，我们试图用我们最主要的工具——我们的语言——来摆脱它们。

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—— time

?文章来源：《时代周刊》????????