【考研阅读】首段遇转折,快速定主题(考研阅读第几篇难)
|==??之前梳理了一篇关于阅读文章特点的文章，
关于考研阅读文章喜欢用“对比结构”，
利用各种“对比”关系，
可以快速把握文章主题。
今天要说是考研阅读文章的另一特点，
文章首段多转折，
而表转折意义的词出现在文章首段，
往往标志着主题的出现，
或者通过对旧观点的反驳从而引出新观点，
由此可以快速把握文章主题。
【考点真题梳理】
1. 2005年text1 首段
①everybody loves a fat pay rise. ②yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. ③indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. ④such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.?
[所有人都喜欢工资猛涨。但是如果你得知你的同事工资涨得比你还多，你的高兴就会消失。事实上，这个同事如果还有偷懒的名声，那么你甚至有可能愤怒。这种行为被认为是“人之常情”，其潜在的假设是动物是不可能产生这种高度发展的不平意识。]
but a study by sarah brosnan and frans de waal of emory university in atlanta, georgia, which has just been published in nature, suggests that it is all too m, as well.?
[但是，美国佐治亚州亚特兰大市埃默里大学的sarah brosnan和frans de waal 最近在《自然》上发表了一项研究，这项研究认为这也是猴之常情。]
【考点分析】
but 之前共4句话，前三句为具体事例（加薪不公令人愤怒），第四句由具体事例上升为一种普遍现象：不公平的意识是人之常情；
but 转而借研究结果引出全文主题：公平意识也是猴之常情；all too m 和 all too human呼应说明人与猴子之间存在某种相似性，as well 补充说明两者之间的关联性。
【考点命题】
22. the statement “it is all too m” implies that______.
答案：resenting unfairness is also ms’ nature
2. 2006年text4 首段
many things make people think artists are weird. but the weirdest may be this: artists’ only job is to explore emotions,?
[许多事情都让人们认为艺术家古怪。而最怪的可能是：艺术家唯一的工作就是探究情感，]
and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.?
[但是他们却选择关注那些让人感到不快的情感。]
【考点分析】第二句的but不是转折，而是过渡并递进话题；真正起到转折作用并引出话题的是and yet。
3. 2009年text3 首段
progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies;?
[这两个领域的进步对这些及所有其他社会的社会、政治和知识的发展无疑是必不可少的；]
however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.?
[然而，认为教育在贫穷国家应该成为促进经济快速发展的最优先事项之一的传统观念是错误的。]
【考点分析】undoubtedly…however构成 “让步—转折” 关系，先肯定两者的重要性，再转而指出传统观点“教育是促进贫穷国家发展的首要因素”是错误的。
【考点命题】
31. the author holds in paragraph 1 that the importance of education in poor countries ____.
答案：has been overestimated
4. 2010年text3 首段
the idea is intuitively compelling,?
[这个观点直觉上让人信服，]
but it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread.?
[但是，它不能解释观点实际上是如何传播的。]
【考点分析】以句内转折表明作者对上述观点的反驳，intuitively 和 actually形成的对比不仅凸显了作者的批驳态度，而且暗示下文作者要揭示观点传播的实质。
【考点命题】
31. by citing the book the tipping point, the author intends to _____.
答案：discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas
5. 2011年text3 首段
while traditional “paid” media—such as television commercials and print advertisements—still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media.?
[尽管传统的“付费”媒介——比如电视和平面广告——仍然扮演着重要角色，但是企业如今还可以利用许多其他形式的媒介。]
【考点分析】通过while让步来表达转折关系（让步是隐性的转折），重点强调today、many alternative forms of media，揭示文章主题。
【考点命题】
35. which of the following is the text mainly about??
答案：alternatives to conventional paid media.
6. 2012年text3 首段
in the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.?
[在科学研究的理想状态下，用科学方法开展自己的工作，观察和收集关于世界的真相。]
but in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.?
[但是在日常的科学实践中，科学发现却往往循着一条模糊而复杂的路线。]
【考点分析】the idealized version潜在含义是科学研究不存在这种理想化的状态，暗示后文会出现语义转折；果然，but语义出现转折，同时the everyday practice与the idealized version构成对比，引出文章主题。
【考点命题】
31. according to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by ____.
答案：its uncertainty and complexity
7. 2014年text4 首段
“the heart of the matter,”the just-released report by the american academy of arts and sciences (aaas), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in america.?
[美国人文与科学院(aaas)刚刚发布的研究报告《问题的核心》值得称赞，因为其肯定了人文学科和社会科学对巩固和繁荣美国自由民主的重要性。]
regrettably, however, the report’s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good. [然而，令人遗憾的是，该报告未能指出文科教育面临的危机的实质，故其带来的弊大于利。]
【考点分析】先谈到the heart of the matter这份报告值得赞扬及其原因（praise for doing sth.）；通过标志词regrettably和however进行语意转折，指出该报告可能弊大于利及其原因（failure to do sth.）。
【考点命题】
36. according to paragraph 1, what is the author’s attitude toward the aaas’s report??
答案：critical
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